has gained little recognition in the English medical literature, although Weakness. Light RW, George RB. Metabolism. All Rights Reserved, 1977;238(19):2066-2067. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03280200078032, Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography, Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience, Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment, Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine. described four clinical parameters (history of ischemic heart disease, laterally displaced apex beat, high body mass index, and raised heart rate) and two laboratory tests (natriuretic peptide measurements and electrocardiography) that help to recognize congestive heart failure (CHF) A validated clinical decision rule for pulmonary embolism should be employed to guide the use of additional tests such as d-dimer assays, ventilation-perfusion scans, or computed tomography angiography.3033 Table 3 integrates red flag symptoms of serious causes of pleuritic chest pain, physical examination, and diagnostic findings to aid in the evaluation of pleuritic chest pain.9,10,34,35, After excluding the six serious causes of pleuritic chest pain that require emergent evaluation, there are two primary management considerations: controlling the pain and treating the etiology of the underlying condition. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. al [10]. McCullough PA, Hollander JE, Nowak RM, et al. Spirometry depends on patient effort; if the patient is unable to give a maximal effort, the test has limited value. Before you get to this point, its good to let your family and healthcare provider know what kind of care you want. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:16571. 1977;238(19):20662067. (eds) Acute Heart Failure. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. Noncardiac or nonpulmonary disease must be considered in patients with minimal risk factors for pulmonary disease and no clinical evidence of cardiac or pulmonary disease. Hyperinflated lungs, prolonged expiration, a small heart, and the bedside and laboratory evidence of airways obstruction are easily documented. The life expectancy of somebody with cardiac asthma depends on how far their heart failure has progressed, the underlying cause, and their overall health. 2023 American Medical Association. Treat other conditions that make heart failure worse. Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. PubMed 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23337063/), (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/heart-failure), Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute (Miller Family).
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