While he did not die immediately, Alp Arslan finally succumbed on November 24, 1072, and was succeeded by his son, Malik Shah. In 1037, the Seljuks were able to take over the towns of Merv, Nishapur, and Herat. They were a force to be reckoned with and the most important influencer in the region. Yazid successfully stymied their efforts by building additional fortresses, but it prevented him from dealing with threats such as Ibn al-Zubayr. From this victory, the Seljuks then went on to dominate all of Iran; being recent converts to Islam, they became allies of the Abbasid caliphs. He was present on the side of the Meccans at the Battle of Uhud in 625, and was crucial to the Meccan victory there as he led the counterattack against the Muslims. The specter of "Oriental Despotism" lurked behind virtually in political, social and economic histories of early modern Islamic empires. The Battle of Talas, fought between the Arab armies of the Abbasid caliphate and the Tang Empire of China, gave the Muslims mastery of Central Asia. Khalid ibn al-Walid (c. 590-642) was the primary Arab general during the first phase of the Arab conquests in the seventh century. Abu Bakr died in 634 CE, and his successor Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644 CE) took charge as the second caliph of the Islamic Empire and the "commander of the faithful". Almost immediately Abd al-Rahman began to restore Umayyad authority. It is questionable if they ever had more than one hundred thousand soldiers at any given point in the entire kingdom. Muawiya effectively took hold of the region and solidified Muslim control over it, and later on, during the reign of Uthman, his cousin and the third caliph (r. 644-656 CE), he conquered all of Armenia (653-655 CE). During the Umayyad sieges of Constantinople in 674678 and 717718, it was a critical weapon not only in defending the walls, but especially in naval battles. What is its purpose? As a youth, Muhammad was an orphan raised by his uncle, Abu Talib. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Emboldened by this victory, al-Ansari no longer felt the need for Charlemagnes protection. In 646 CE, a major Byzantine counterattack at Alexandria was beaten off with the help of the locals who felt no compunction in serving against their former tormentors. Although Alp Arslan is considered one of the greatest of the Seljuk sultans, his primary focus was on military affairs. While doing so, the brothers earned the appreciation of the Abbasid caliphs, who were nervous about the Khwarazms westward expansion toward Baghdad. The Rashidun Empire spread as far as Sindh, located in present-day Pakistan, to the East. Khalid ibn al-Walid (c. 590642) was the primary Arab general during the first phase of the Arab conquests in the seventh century.
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