How can neuroscience as a field move beyond describing groups to making accurate individual predictions? Recognizing the child in child poverty. Annu. J. Neurosci. Some of the widely accepted psychological theories are the behavioral theories, the cognitive theories, humanist theories, biological theories, psychodynamic and the social psychology theories. Sci. As discussed, small studies in individual laboratories can be useful for demonstrating proof of principle (brain defects in area X appear to cause impairment Y), but such studies cannot assess the strength of the causal relationship (akin to the genetic concept of penetrance). 53, 371399. Transformation of cortical and hippocampal neural circuit by environmental enrichment. Neurobiological pathways linking socioeconomic position and health. 7, 343348. doi: 10.1038/nrn2639, Michel, G. F., and Tayler, A. N. (2005). Presciently, in 2006 Morse identified signs of a cognitive pathology he labeled brain overclaim syndrome (BOS). Strength It has a wide range View the full answer Transcribed image text: In all of these studies, there has been an emphasis on the behavioral levels of analysis (e.g., Goldin et al., 2014; Segretin et al., 2014), and both neuroimaging techniques and molecular and behavioral genetics have been included in some cases (Rueda et al., 2005, 2012; Bryck and Fisher, 2012; Espinet et al., 2013; Neville et al., 2013b). Med. Family-based training program improves brain function, cognition and behavior in lower socioeconomic status preschoolers. Psychol. In the case of the neural circuits involved in complex behaviors, the closure of sensitive periods seems to depend on whether they are associated with circuits performing computations at either basic or complex levels, such as feature representation, categorization function, top-down interactions, and cross-modal reorganization (Kral, 2013). Psychol. 138, 109133. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12021, Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H. L., et al. Advances in technology over the past 20 years have given modern neuro-researchers tools of unprecedented power to probe the workings of the most complex machine in the universe (as far as we know). Nutr. Dev. Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain. Issues and Debates Free will vs. Determinism The position of the cognitive approach is unclear as it argues, on the one hand, the way we process information is determined by our experience (schemas). Neurosci. 5, p 470). Second, we propose to deepen the theoretical integration of findings from human and animal models to include the consideration of epigenetic mechanisms, to overcome the limitations of only considering the behavioral or neural levels of analysis (Lipina and Colombo, 2009; Hackman et al., 2010), and to promote the simultaneous analysis of more than one level of organization.
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