J Appl Physiol (1985). Using fetal oximetry probes many centers reported images of deep decelerations with little or no change in fetal oxygen saturation. Psychiatry Res. 97, 14861490. doi: 10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_194_20, Sheng, J. 37, 953957. 1975 Feb;45(2):142-6. The pathologies that induce chronic hypoxemia in the mother, including SBD (Pien and Schwab, 2004) and anemia, may induce dysregulations in the vagal control systems. Table 2. Variations are also observed for SDNN, SDNN/RMSSD, LFn, and HFn (Zizzo et al., 2020). Meas. The fetoplacental transmission of the placental microbiome may occur through the ingestion of the amniotic fluid and via umbilical cord blood supply (Cao et al., 2014; Walker et al., 2017). Nutrients 7, 30673077. (2021). In the same way, improper light and noise can disrupt newborns' sleep duration, especially in preterm and very preterm ones (Gogou et al., 2019). Low JA, Victory R, Derrick EJ. 30, 23872394. What could and should we do to disrupt this status quo and enable individualized insights into the various developmental effects the vagus nerve maturation and pleiotropic physiology provide? 1979 Dec;9(6):361-73. Monogr. 31, 415424. 13415. doi: 10.1111/joa.13415, Kuperman, A. Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s11605-014-2565-6, Fuhler, G. M. (2020). Reprod. which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating Epidemiology 19, 851859. 221, 383.e3392.e3. Stress effects on neuronal structure: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23340, Thoyre, S. M., Holditch-Davis, D., Schwartz, T. A., Melendez Roman, C. R., and Nix, W. (2012). Regarding sensorimotor development, around 15 WGA a complex set of movements (e.g., breathing movements, general body movements, isolated limb, head, and neck movements, startle and twitch movements, and swallowing) are available, whereas, by 18 WGA, stable handedness can be detected. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01497-4. (2011). Surg. Psychopathol. Maternal malnutrition has an impact also on the endocrine system development: the fetus is overexposed to maternal cortisol, due to the lack of placental control systems (Allen, 2001; Seckl and Meaney, 2004), and the fetal HPA axis can be impaired, possibly leading to a dysregulation of sympathovagal balance and inflammatory set point (Christian and Stewart, 2010).
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